The Workspace
All kinds of commands related to the workspace.
ABOUT
User-supplied procedure to display an About box.
Syntax
ABOUT
Description
In the Help menu, Logo displays a menu item About this program…,
which is usually grayed out and disabled. If you, however, write a
procedure ABOUT that for example displays an alert with information
about your Logo program, the menu item is enabled, and clicking that
menu item runs your ABOUT procedure.
This is a convenient way to display information about your program, especially if you deliver your programs as a binary Logo package. See the Logo Packages page for details about packaging your Logo programs.
ALIAS
Defines alias names.
Syntax
ALIAS old-name new-name
Description
ALIAS defines a new procedure name with the same meaning as an existing procedure name. The new name is an alias name for the existing name and behaves exactly like that name. Values or properties stored at a name are not aliased.
ALIAS is handy for defining shortcuts or translations of commands.
ASCII
Converts a character into its ASCII value.
Syntax
ASCII character
Description
ASCII reports the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) value of its input. The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is a standard code for representing numbers, letters and symbols. If its input is a word, ASCII reports the ASCII value of the first character in the word. ASCII reports an integer between 0 and
- The input must contain at least one character. The character can be a letter, number or special character. To output the character corresponding to an ASCII code input, use CHAR.
Example
ASCII “A Result: 65
BYE
Also: QUIT,EXIT
Ends Logo.
Syntax
BYE
Description
BYE saves the Logo workspace and all open graphics windows and returns to the operating system. The command names QUIT and EXIT perform the same function.
CHAR
Converts a number into a Unicode character.
Syntax
CHAR number
Description
CHAR reports the character whose ASCII code is the input. The input number can be from 0 through 255. To output the ASCII code corresponding to an input character, use ASCII.
Use caution when saving a Logo name or procedure that contains unprintable characters, like characters with a value of less than 32. Logo saves them as-is without escaping them. If you, for example, save a value that contains a newline character (CHAR 10), then Logo may not be able to read that file correctly.
Example
CHAR 65 Result: A
CLEARTEXT
Also: CT
Clears the Listener panel.
Syntax
CLEARTEXT
Description
CLEARTEXT clears all text and places the cursor in the upper left corner of the Listener panel. CLEARTEXT is the same as the command TYPE CHAR 12.
Example
REPEAT 5 [PR [GOOD EVENING]] CLEARTEXT
DATE
Reports the date.
Syntax
DATE
Description
DATE reports the current date as a four-element list in the form [day month year dayofweek]. The dayofweek is a number from 1 to 7, starting at Sunday.
Example
DATE Result: [20 1 2014]
FULLSCREEN
Also: FS
Switches to the Full Screen perspective.
Syntax
FULLSCREEN
Description
FULLSCREEN maximizes the current Graphics window, thus hiding all other windows. See also SPLITSCREEN and TEXTSCREEN.
Example
FS
HELP
Displays help for a command.
Syntax
HELP commandname
Description
HELP displays the help file for the requested command in the Help window.
Example
HELP “FORWARD
LOAD
Loads a file into Logo.
Syntax
LOAD filename
LOAD filename.ext
(LOAD)
Description
LOAD transfers the contents of the file specified by its input from the
disk to the workspace. The entire file is treated as though it were
typed from the keyboard. LOAD throws an error if the file is not
successfully loaded. LOAD can load binary workspaces as well as ASCII
files containing Logo commands. If you want LOAD to display the name of
Logo procedures as they are defined, set the VERBOSE property of the
built-in :PREFS object to TRUE.
Note that the file still exists on the disk; only a copy of it has been transferred to the workspace.
If no file name extension is specified, LOAD loads the file filename.LGO. To load a file that has no extension, a period is necessary after the filename. Binary workspaces have the extension .BIN.
LOAD is also capable of displaying a standard file open/save dialog box. In order to open a dialog box instead of a file, the file name contains a list of file type descriptors. A file type descriptor is a file type, optionally followed by an “=” and a description. The text “lgo=Logo source file” would be a valid file type descriptor for all files ending with “.LGO”. More than one file descriptor may be supplied; in this case, separate the descriptors with commas. The file open/save dialog would display all files ending with the given file type. A Windows dialog would also display the description of the file types, while a Macintosh dialog would display the matching files only. The Logo command LOAD ‘lgo=Logo source file,txt=Text file’ would, for example, display all files ending with .LGO or .TXT.
If you use “*” as a file type, the file open/save dialog displays all available files. This is done differently on Windows and Macintosh. A Windows dialog would initially display all files with the first type, and offer all additional file types as choices. The Macintosh dialog would always display all files matching all file types.
If you use the empty word or the empty list as a file name, Logo automatically opens a file open/save dialog displaying all available files.
Clicking the Cancel button in a file open/save dialog cancels the execution of the LOAD command.
See also LOADPIC, SAVE, and SAVEPIC.
MAKE
Assigns a value to a name.
Syntax
MAKE name object
Description
MAKE defines a variable using the name of the first input and assigns the second input as the value of that variable. Once you have created the variable, you may obtain its contents by using :name. Think of the colon (:) as the value of name. To keep a variable local to the procedure in which MAKE is used, see LOCAL. Remember that all local names of a procedure are visible to any procedure; a MAKE command may, therefore, set a name that is local to a procedure that is calling the current procedure if you use MAKE inside a procedure. See also NAME and THING.
Example
MAKE “NUMBER 73 :NUMBER Result: 73
MILLISECONDS
Outputs the number of milliseconds spent since January 1, 1970.
Syntax
MILLISECONDS
Description
MILLISECONDS outputs the number of milliseconds spent since January 1,
- MILLISECONDS can be used to track executions times. The accuracy of this timer is not perfect, but depends on the operating system.
NAME
Assigns a value to a name.
Syntax
NAME object name
Description
NAME defines a variable by assigning the value of the first input to the name of the second input. Once you have created the variable, you may obtain its contents by using :name. Think of the colon (:) as the value of name. NAME is equivalent to MAKE except that inputs are in reverse order. See also LOCAL.
QUOTE
Quotes its input.
Syntax
QUOTE word
Description
QUOTE quotes its input. Lists are returned unchanged.
Example
MAKE “FIRSTNAME “JOHN :FIRSTNAME Result: JOHN QUOTE :FIRSTNAME Result: “JOHN
RECYCLE
Starts the garbage collector.
Syntax
RECYCLE
(RECYCLE TRUE)
Description
RECYCLE starts the Logo garbage collector. All elements are scanned, and elements which are not needed any more are freed. The result is the number of available nodes. If TRUE is given as an optional input, RECYCLE prints some information about its work. Normally, Logo starts the garbage collector whenever it detects that it would run out of elements. This might be a lengthy operation, so RECYCLE is provided to start the garbage collector at a user-defined time. The number of free nodes reported is a snapshot of the current memory usage; if Logo runs out of memory, it simply allocates more memory from the operating system.
Example
(RECYCLE TRUE)
RESTART
Erases everything and restarts Logo.
Syntax
RESTART
(RESTART TRUE)
Description
RESTART erases all Logo contents and reinitializes Logo. When RESTART is used, a confirming dialog box appears. If RESTART and its optional argument TRUE are enclosed in parentheses, Logo will be restarted without the appearance of the confirming dialog.
Note that, although Logo erases the entire workspace, the file Init.logo is not reloaded.
SAVE
Saves the workspace to disk.
Syntax
SAVE filename
SAVE TRUE
(SAVE)
SAVE type-descriptors
Description
SAVE saves the contents of the workspace to a file on the disk. This includes all defined procedures and names. Workspace files are saved as text files unless otherwise specified.
If no file name extension is specified, SAVE saves the file with the name filename.LGO. To save a file that has no extension, a period is necessary after the filename.
If TRUE is given as a second input, SAVE saves the workspace as a binary file. This file cannot be read by humans.
SAVE is also capable of displaying a standard file open/save dialog box. In order to open a dialog box instead of a file, the file name contains a list of file type descriptors. A file type descriptor is a file type, optionally followed by an “=” and a description. The text “lgo=Logo source file” would be a valid file type descriptor for all files ending with “.LGO”. More than one file descriptor may be supplied; in this case, separate the descriptors with commas. The file open/save dialog would display all files ending with the given file type. A Windows dialog would also display the description of the file types, while a Macintosh dialog would display the matching files only. The Logo command SAVE “|LGO=Logo source files,bin=Binary workspaces| would, for example, display all files ending with .LGO or .BIN.
If you use “*” as a file type, the file open/save dialog displays all available files. This is done differently on Windows and the Macintosh. A Windows dialog would initially display all files with the first type, and offer all additional file types as choices. The Macintosh dialog would always display all files matching all file types.
If you use the empty word or the empty list as a file name, or if you omit the file name, Logo automatically opens a file open/save dialog displaying all LGO and BIN files.
Clicking the Cancel button in a file open/save dialog cancels the execution of the SAVE command.
See also LOAD, LOADPIC, and SAVEPIC.
SPLITSCREEN
Also: SS
Switches to the Split Screen perspective.
Syntax
SPLITSCREEN
Description
SPLITSCREEN switches the Logo environment to the Split Screen perspective. Usually, the Split Screen perspective only displays the Listener and Graphics windows, but the user can change the layout of all windows freely.
See also TEXTSCREEN and FULLSCREEN.
Example
SS
TEXTSCREEN
Also: TS
Switches to the Text Screen perspective.
Syntax
TEXTSCREEN
Description
TEXTSCREEN switches the Logo environment to the Text Screen perspective. Usually, the Text Screen perspective only displays a maximized Listener window, but the user can change the layout of all windows freely.
See also SPLITSCREEN and FULLSCREEN.
Example
TS
THING
Reports the value of a name.
Syntax
THING word
Description
THING reports the value associated with the variable named in the input. THING is the Logo primitive that does the same job as : (dots). It can be used to give a variable a second level of evaluation. A variable name could, for example, be passed in to a procedure, and the procedure obtains its value with the THING command. Remember that Logo makes all names in a procedure visible to a procedure that this procedure calls. Therefore, getting a value may result in getting the value of a name that is local to a calling procedure.
Example
MAKE “COLOR “BLUE MAKE “BLUE “AQUAMARINE THING “COLOR Result: BLUE THING :COLOR Result: AQUAMARINE THING “BLUE Result: AQUAMARINE THING :BLUE :AQUMARINE is not a name
TIME
Outputs the time.
Syntax
TIME
Description
TIME reports the current time as a list of three numbers in the form [hour minute second]. The hours are in 24-hour format. See also DATE.
Example
TIME Result: [10 35 50]
VERINFO
Outputs Logo version information as a list.
Syntax
VERINFO
Description
VERINFO reports information about the version of Logo that is currently running as a list. The elements are major version number, minor version number, subrelease number, the name of the Logo program, the build date as a string, and the name of the operating system.
VERINFO is available from Terrapin Logo version 4.1 on.
Example
VERINFO Result: [4 1 0 Terrapin Logo Thu Jul 16 10:22:38 2015 Windows 8.1 (64 bit)]
VERSION
Also: VER
Outputs the Logo version.
Syntax
VERSION
Description
VERSION reports information about the version of Logo that is currently running.
Example
VERSION Result: Version 4.0 Tue Jan 14 20:52:26 2014 Windows 8.1 (64 bit)
WORKSPACE.VIEW
Switches to the Work perspective.
Syntax
WORKSPACE.VIEW
Description
WORKSPACE.VIEW causes the Workspace View dialog to appear. The Workspace View dialog contains information about the current contents of the Logo workspace.
WORKSPACE.VIEW is equivalent to clicking the Workspace View button
.
Example
WORKSPACE.VIEW