Commands Overview by Group
This page contains an extensive listing of all Logo commands, global names and operators,
sorted by group.
Accessors
Access data.
BUTFIRST |
Reports all but the first element of its input. |
BUTLAST |
Reports all but the last element of its input. |
BUTMEMBER |
Removes elements from a word or a list. |
FIRST |
Reports the first element of its input. |
FLATTEN |
Reports a flat version of its list input. |
FROMMEMBER |
Removes the first part of its input until a pattern is found. |
ITEM |
Returns a specific element of its input. |
JOIN |
Converts a list to a word. |
LAST |
Reports the last element of its input. |
LOWERCASE |
Converts its argument to lower case. |
MIXEDCASE |
Converts its argument to mixed case. |
PICK |
Randomly picks an element. |
SPLIT |
Splits a word into a list using a separator. |
UPPERCASE |
Converts its argument to upper case. |
Arrays
Create and manipulate arrays.
AGET |
Reports the value of an array element. |
ARRAY |
Creates an array. |
ARRAY? |
Reports TRUE if the object is an array. |
ARRAYDIMS |
Reports the structure of an array. |
ASET |
Sets the value of an array element. |
FILLARRAY |
Sets the values of an array. |
LISTARRAY |
Reports the values of an array as a list. |
SETARRAYDIMS |
Sets the structure of an array. |
TEXTARRAY |
Outputs the structure of an array as a word. |
Arrays
Create and manipulate arrays.
AGET |
Reports the value of an array element. |
ARRAY |
Creates an array. |
ARRAY? |
Reports TRUE if the object is an array. |
ARRAYDIMS |
Reports the structure of an array. |
ASET |
Sets the value of an array element. |
FILLARRAY |
Sets the values of an array. |
LISTARRAY |
Reports the values of an array as a list. |
SETARRAYDIMS |
Sets the structure of an array. |
TEXTARRAY |
Sets the structure of an array. |
Logo Colors
Create and work with colors
ALPHA |
Reports the first active turtle’s alpha value. |
BACKGROUND |
Reports the background color. |
BGPATTERN |
Reports the background pattern. |
COLOR |
Reports the color for a name or value if possible. |
COLORINDEX |
Coerces a color value to a basic Logo color number. |
COLORNAME |
Reports the name of a color if possible. |
COLORS |
Reports a list of available color names. |
PATTERN |
Reports the turtle’s pattern. |
PENCOLOR |
Reports the pen color. |
SETALPHA |
Sets the default transparency value for colors. |
SETBG |
Sets the background color. |
SETBGPATTERN |
Sets the background pattern. |
SETPATTERN |
Sets the turtle pattern. |
SETPENCOLOR |
Sets the pen color. |
Logo Colors
The color commands assign colors to the background of the Graphics canvas, or the turtle pen.
ALPHA |
Reports the first active turtle’s alpha value. |
BACKGROUND |
Reports the background color. |
COLOR |
Reports the RGB color value for a color name or color index. |
COLORINDEX |
Coerces a color value to a basic Logo color number. |
BGPATTERN |
Reports the background pattern. |
COLOR |
Reports the color for a name or value if possible. |
COLORNAME |
Reports the name of a color if possible. |
COLORS |
Reports a list of available color names. |
PATTERN |
Reports the turtle’s pattern. |
PENCOLOR |
Reports the pen color. |
SETALPHA |
Sets the default alpha value for colors. |
SETBG |
Sets the background color. |
SETBGPATTERN |
Sets the background pattern. |
SETPATTERN |
Sets the turtle pattern. |
SETPC |
Sets the pen color. |
Contents lists
Contents list commands manipulate several items at once using structured contents lists.
CONTENTS |
Outputs a complete structured contents list. |
BURIED |
Outputs a structured contents list of all buried elements. |
BURIED? |
Outputs TRUE if the element described by its input is buried. |
BURIEDNAMES |
Outputs a list of all buried names. |
BURIEDPROCS |
Outputs a list of all buried procedures. |
BURIEDPROPS |
Outputs a list of all buried property lists. |
BURY |
Makes names and procedures invisible. |
BURYALL |
Makes all names and procedures invisible. |
BURYNAME |
Makes one or more names invisible. |
BURYNAMES |
Makes all names invisible. |
BURYPROC |
Makes one or more procedures invisible. |
BURYPROCS |
Makes all procedures invisible. |
BURYPROP |
Makes one or more property lists invisible. |
BURYPROPS |
Makes all property lists invisible. |
EDALL |
Edits the entire Logo workspace. |
EDIT |
Edits parts or all of the Logo workspace. |
EDN |
Edits one or more Logo names. |
EDNS |
Edits all Logo names. |
EDPL |
Edits one or more Logo property lists. |
EDPLIST |
Edits the properties of a property list, a widget, or a panel. |
EDPS |
Edits all user-defined, unburied procedures. |
EDPLS |
Edits all Logo properties. |
ERALL |
Erases the entire Logo workspace. |
ERASE |
Erases Logo elements. |
ERN |
Erase one or more Logo names. |
ERNS |
Erases all Logo names. |
ERPL |
Erases one or more Logo property lists. |
ERPLS |
Erases all Logo properties. |
ERPS |
Erases all procedures. |
NAMELIST |
Outputs a structured contents list with names. |
NAMES |
Outputs a structured contents list with all names. |
PLISTS |
Outputs a structured contents list with all properties. |
PLLIST |
Outputs a structured contents list with properties. |
POALL |
Prints the entire Logo workspace. |
PON |
Prints a Logo name. |
PONS |
Prints all Logo names. |
POPL |
Prints one or more Logo property lists. |
POPLS |
Prints all Logo properties. |
POPS |
Prints all Logo procedures. |
POT |
Prints the title line of one or more user-defined procedures. |
POTS |
Prints the title line of all user-defined procedures. |
PRIMITIVES |
Outputs a structured contents list with all primitives. |
PRINTOUT |
Prints procedures, names, or properties. |
PROCEDURES |
Outputs a list with all user procedures. |
PROCLIST |
Outputs a structured contents list with procedures. |
UNBURY |
Makes names and procedures visible. |
UNBURYALL |
Makes all names and procedures visible. |
UNBURYNAME |
Makes one or more names visible. |
UNBURYNAMES |
Makes all names visible. |
UNBURYPROC |
Makes one or more procedures visible. |
UNBURYPROCS |
Makes all procedures visible. |
UNBURYPROP |
Makes one or more property lists visible. |
UNBURYPROPS |
Makes all property lists visible. |
Data Commands
Access and manipulate data
ASCII |
Converts a character into its Unicode value. |
BUTFIRST |
Reports all but the first element of its input. |
BUTLAST |
Reports all but the last element of its input. |
BUTMEMBER |
Removes elements from a word or a list. |
CHAR |
Converts a number into a Unicode character. |
DATE |
Reports the date. |
FIRST |
Reports the first element of its input. |
FLATTEN |
Reports a flat version of its list input. |
FPUT |
Prepends an element to its input. |
FROMMEMBER |
Removes the first part of its input until a specified word or list is found. |
ISEQ |
Outputs a list of sequential integers. |
ITEM |
Returns a specific element of its input. |
JOIN |
Converts a list to a word. |
LAST |
Reports the last element of its input. |
LIST |
Concatenates its inputs to a list. |
LOCAL |
Declares local variables inside a procedure. |
LOCALMAKE |
Create and set a local name. |
LOWERCASE |
Converts its argument to lower case. |
LPUT |
Appends an element to its input. |
MAKE |
Assigns a value to a name. |
MILLISECONDS |
Outputs the number of milliseconds spent. |
MIXEDCASE |
Converts its argument to mixed case. |
NAME |
Assigns a value to a name. |
PARSE |
Parses a string and outputs a list. |
PICK |
Randomly picks an element. |
QUOTE |
Quotes its input. |
RSEQ |
Outputs a list of equally spaced rational numbers. |
SENTENCE |
Concatenates its inputs to a list, flattening lists. |
SPLIT |
Splits a word into a list using a separator. |
SUBST |
Substitutes text in a word or a list. |
THING |
Reports the value of a name. |
TIME |
Outputs the time. |
UPPERCASE |
Converts its argument to upper case. |
VERINFO |
Outputs Logo version information as a list. |
VERSION |
Outputs the Logo version. |
WORD |
Concatenates its inputs to a word. |
XLIST |
Concatenates its inputs to a parenthesized list. |
Debugging
Track program execution.
BACKTRACE |
Prints the list of nested procedure calls. |
BPCLEAR |
Deletes all breakpoints. |
CONTINUE |
Ends a pause. |
PAUSE |
Pauses a procedure. |
STEP |
Turns on stepping for the given elements. |
STEPPED |
Outputs a structured contents list of all stepped elements. |
STEPPED? |
Outputs TRUE if the element described by its input is stepped. |
TRACE |
Turns on tracing of the given elements. |
TRACED |
Outputs a structured contents list of all traced elements. |
TRACED? |
Outputs TRUE if the element described by its input is traced. |
UNSTEP |
Turns off stepping of the given elements. |
UNTRACE |
Turns off tracing of the given elements. |
Debugging
Track program execution.
BACKTRACE |
Prints the list of nested procedure calls. |
BPCLEAR |
Deletes all breakpoints. |
CONTINUE |
Ends a pause. |
PAUSE |
Pauses a procedure. |
STEP |
Turns on stepping for the given elements. |
STEPPED |
Outputs a structured contents list of all stepped elements. |
TRACE |
Turns on tracing of the given elements. |
TRACED |
Outputs a structured contents list of all traced elements. |
UNSTEP |
Turns off stepping of the given elements. |
UNTRACE |
Turns off tracing of the given elements. |
Turtle Drawing
Move turtles around, and make them draw.
ARC |
Draws an arc. |
BACK |
Moves a turtle backwards. |
DISTANCE |
Reports the distance between the turtle and a location. |
DOT |
Draws a dot. |
DOT? |
Tests whether a pixel is present at the given location. |
DOTCOLOR |
Reports the color of a pixel. |
FILL |
Fills an area. |
FONT |
Reports the current font of the first active turtle. |
FONTS |
Reports a list of all loaded and available fonts. |
FORWARD |
Moves a turtle forward. |
GETX |
Reports the X coordinate of a turtle. |
GETXY |
Reports the coordinates of a turtle. |
GETY |
Reports the Y coordinate of a turtle. |
HEADING |
Reports the heading of a turtle. |
HIDETURTLE |
Hides a turtle. |
HOME |
Moves the turtle back to [0 0]. |
LEFT |
Turns a turtle left. |
OPACITY |
Reports the opacity of the first active turtle. |
ORIGIN |
Reports the origin of a turtle’s coordinate system. |
PANGLE |
Reports the turtle’s angle as a polar angle. |
PDIST |
Reports the distance from the turtle to its home. |
PEN |
Reports the pen mode. |
PENDOWN |
Puts the pen down. |
PENDOWN? |
Checks whether the pen is down. |
PENERASE |
The pen draws with the background color. |
PENREVERSE |
The pen inverts all colors. |
PENUP |
The pen moves up. |
PHEADING |
Reports the turtle’s polar heading. |
PPOS |
Reports the turtle’s polar position. |
PSETHEADING |
Sets the polar heading of a turtle. |
RIGHT |
Turns a turtle right. |
SETFONT |
Sets the turtle drawing font. |
SETHEADING |
Sets the heading of a turtle. |
SETOPACITY |
Sets the opacity of all active turtles. |
SETORIGIN |
Sets the coordinate system origin of the active turtles. |
SETP |
Sets the turtle’s polar position. |
SETPEN |
Sets the pen characteristics. |
SETSHADOW |
Sets the drop shadow for all active turtles. |
SETSPEED |
Sets the speed at which turtle commands are executed. |
SETSTEPSIZE |
Sets the step size of all active turtles and bitmaps. |
SETTURTLESIZE |
Sets the scaling factor of a widget. |
SETVELOCITY |
Controls the speed of an independently moving widget. |
SETWIDTH |
Sets the pen width. |
SETX |
Sets the X coordinate of a turtle. |
SETXY |
Sets the coordinates of a turtle. |
SETY |
Sets the Y coordinate of a turtle. |
SHADOW |
Reports the drop shadow for the first active turtle. |
SHOWN? |
Reports whether a turtle is visible. |
SHOWTURTLE |
Makes a turtle visible. |
SLOWTURTLE |
Slows down the turtle to half speed. |
SPEED |
Reports the speed in which turtle commands are executed. |
STAMPOVAL |
Draws an oval. |
STAMPRECT |
Draws a rectangle. |
STEPSIZE |
Outputs the step size of the first active turtle or bitmap. |
TOWARDS |
Reports the angle of a position compared to the turtle position. |
TURTLESIZE |
Reports the scaling factor of a turtle. |
TURTLETEXT |
Prints its input on the Graphics canvas. |
TURTLETEXTSIZE |
Outputs the dimensions of a text drawn with the first listening turtle. |
VELOCITY |
Reports the speed of an independently moving widget. |
WIDTH |
Reports the pen width. |
Program Flow
Control the program flow.
.MAYBEOUTPUT |
Exits a procedure and outputs a value if present. |
APPLY |
Applies a parameter list to a procedure. |
CASE |
Outputs a value based on an input value. |
CATCH |
Catches runtime errors and THROWn data. |
DO.UNTIL |
Runs a list until a condition is true. |
DO.WHILE |
Runs a list until a condition is false. |
ELSE |
Starts the ELSE part of an IF command. |
END |
Ends a procedure definition. |
ERROR |
Outputs the last runtime error. |
EVAL |
Runs a list and collects all outputs. |
FOR |
Runs a list for a defined number of times. |
FOREACH |
Runs a list for each element of its first input. |
FOREVER |
Runs a list forever. |
GO |
Jumps to a label inside a procedure. |
HALT |
Stops one or all background programs. |
IF |
Runs instructions based on a condition. |
IFFALSE |
Runs a list if TEST was false. |
IFTRUE |
Runs a list if TEST was true. |
IGNORE |
Ignores the output of a procedure. |
LABEL |
Marks a target for the GO command. |
LAUNCH |
Launches a runlist or procedure for execution in the background. |
LAUNCHED |
Outputs a list of all active background engines. |
MACROEXPAND |
Outputs the expansion of a macro. |
OUTPUT |
Exits a procedure and outputs a value. |
REPCOUNT |
Reports the value of the REPEAT counter. |
REPEAT |
Runs a runlist repeatedly. |
REPTOTAL |
Reports the total number of REPEATs. |
RUN |
Runs a word or list. |
STOP |
Exits a procedure, or stops a program. |
TEST |
Test a condition; used with IFTRUE and IFFALSE. |
TEXT |
Outputs a procedure definition. |
THEN |
Starts the THEN part of an IF command. |
THROW |
Throws a Logo word or a runtime error. |
TOPLEVEL |
Returns to toplevel. |
UNTIL |
Runs a list until a condition is true. |
WAIT |
Waits for a number of milliseconds. |
WHEN |
Monitors a change to a Logo property or to a Logo event. |
WHENEVER |
Monitors changes to a Logo property or to a Logo event. |
WHILE |
Runs a list until a condition is false. |
Program Flow
Control the program flow.
APPLY |
Applies a parameter list to a procedure. |
CASE |
Outputs a value based on an input value. |
CATCH |
Catches runtime errors and THROWn data. |
COPYDEF |
Copies a procedure definition. |
DEFINE |
Defines a procedure. |
.DEFMACRO |
Defines a macro. |
DO.UNTIL |
Runs a list until a condition is true. |
DO.WHILE |
Runs a list until a condition is false. |
ELSE |
Starts the ELSE branch of an IF command. |
END |
Ends a procedure definition. |
ERROR |
Outputs the last runtime error. |
EVAL |
Runs a list and collects all outputs. |
FOR |
Runs a list for a defined number of times. |
FOREACH |
Runs a list for each element of its first input. |
FOREVER |
Runs a list forever. |
GO |
Jumps to a label inside a procedure. |
HALT |
Stops one or all background programs. |
IF |
Runs instructions based on a condition. |
IFFALSE |
Runs a list if TEST was false. |
IFTRUE |
Runs a list if TEST was true. |
IGNORE |
Ignores the output of a procedure. |
LABEL |
Marks a target for the GO command. |
LAUNCH |
Launches a runlist or procedure for execution in the background. |
LAUNCHED |
Outputs a list of all active background engines. |
LOCAL |
Declares local variables inside a procedure. |
.MACRO |
Defines a macro. |
MACROEXPAND |
Outputs the expansion of a macro. |
OUTPUT |
Exits a procedure and outputs a value. |
REPCOUNT |
Reports the value of the REPEAT counter. |
REPEAT |
Runs a runlist repeatedly. |
REPTOTAL |
Reports the total number of REPEATs. |
RUN |
Runs a word or list. |
STOP |
Exits a procedure, or stops a program. |
TEST |
Test a condition; used with IFTRUE and IFFALSE. |
TEXT |
Outputs a procedure definition. |
THEN |
Starts the THEN branch of an IF command. |
THROW |
Throws a Logo word or a runtime error. |
TO |
Defines a procedure. |
TOPLEVEL |
Returns to toplevel. |
UNTIL |
Runs a list until a condition is true. |
WAIT |
Waits for a number of milliseconds. |
WHILE |
Runs a list until a condition is false. |
Built-in variables
A list of global variables.
:CASE |
Makes Logo convert its input to upper case or not. |
:CURRENT.GRAPHICS |
Contains the current graphics window name. |
:EPSILON |
Contains the minimum value that two numbers may differ to still beconsidered to be equal. |
:ERROR |
Contains the type of the last runtime error. |
:ERRORTEXT |
Reports the text of the last caught runtime error or THROWn word. |
:FENCE |
Defines the way turtles bounce off the edges of the Graphics screen. |
:LANGUAGE |
Reports Logo’s UI language. |
:LAYOUT |
Gets or sets the panel layout. |
:LOGO.ENV |
Contains a property list of global program and system settings. |
:LOGOENGINE |
Contains the ID of the currently running Logo engine. |
:MIDI.OUTPUT |
Contains the name of the music synthesizer that Logo uses to play music. |
:MIDI.OUTPUTS |
Returns a list of synthesizer names that Logo supports for playing music. |
:PICTURE.FORMAT |
Contains the default file extension for graphics files. |
:PRECISION |
Sets the precision in which numbers are printed. |
:PREFS |
System-wide properties. |
:PROMPT |
Gets or sets the prompt for the Listener. |
:STANDARD.INPUT |
The number of the input stream. |
:STANDARD.OUTPUT |
The number of the output stream. |
:TAB |
Sets the tab stop position. |
:TRACE |
Controls the output of debugging information. |
The Graphics canvas
BOUNCE |
Lets the turtles bounce off the graphics bounds inside the Graphics panel. |
BOUNDS |
Reports the drawing bounds of the Graphics panel. |
CLEAN |
Erases the Graphics panel. |
CLEARSCREEN |
Erases the Graphics panel and homes the turtle. |
DRAW |
Clears the Graphics panel and resets all turtles. |
FENCE |
Fences all turtles inside the drawing bounds. |
FREEZEPIC |
Freezes the display of the Graphics panel. |
LOADPIC |
Loads a picture. |
SAVEPIC |
Saves the contents of the Graphics panel. |
SETBOUNDS |
Set the drawing bounds of the Graphics panel. |
SNAP |
Moves parts of the Graphics panel into a bitmap. |
SNAPSIZE |
Outputs the size of a bitmap. |
STAMP |
Draws a bitmap or turtle. |
UNFREEZEPIC |
Unfreezes the display of the graphics. |
WINDOW |
Removes the boundary for turtle movements. |
WRAP |
Lets the turtles wrap inside the Graphics panel. |
GRID |
Sets the characteristics of the graphics grid. |
GRIDOFF |
Hides the grid of the Graphics panel. |
GRIDON |
Displays the grid of the Graphics panel. |
The Graphics canvas
The Graphics canvas is the drawing surface for the turtles.
BOUNDS |
Reports the drawing bounds of the Graphics canvas. |
BOUNCE |
Lets the turtles bounce off the graphics bounds inside the Graphics canvas. |
BUTTON? |
Reports the state of the left mouse button. |
CLEAN |
Erases the graphics canvas. |
CLEARSCREEN |
Erases the graphics panel and homes the turtle. |
DRAW |
Clears the current graphics canvas and resets all attached turtles. |
FENCE |
Fences all turtles inside the drawing bounds. |
FREEZEPIC |
Freezes the current graphics display. |
GRID |
Sets the characteristics of the graphics grid. |
GRIDOFF |
Hides the grid of the Graphics panel. |
GRIDON |
Displays the grid of the Graphics panel. |
LOADPIC |
Loads a picture. |
MOUSE |
Reports the position of the mouse cursor. |
MOUSESHAPE |
Reports the shape of the mouse cursor. |
REDO |
Redoes the last drawing command after an UNDO command. |
SAVEPIC |
Saves the contents of the Graphics panel. |
SETBOUNDS |
Set the drawing bounds of the current Graphics canvas. |
SETMOUSESHAPE |
Sets the shape of the mouse cursor. |
UNDO |
Undoes the last drawing command. |
UNFREEZEPIC |
Unfreezes the current graphics display. |
WINDOW |
Removes the boundary for turtle movements. |
WRAP |
Lets the turtles wrap inside the canvas. |
Grids
A Logo grid is a special control that lets you arrange widgets in a grid.
FILLGRID |
Sets the text values of a grid. |
GGET |
Outputs the name of a widget stored in a grid cell. |
GGETTEXT |
Outputs the text of a grid cell. |
GPPROP |
Alters a property of a grid, a row, a column, or a cell. |
GRIDDIMS |
Reports the size of a grid. |
GSET |
Stores a widget into a grid cell. |
GSETTEXT |
Stores a text into a grid cell. |
LISTGRID |
Reports the values of a grid as a list. |
SETGRIDDIMS |
Sets the size of a grid. |
Hit Tests
Commands to determine if two widgets collide.
HIT? |
Tests the first active widget against widgets listed on the hit list. |
HITTABLE |
Reports the contents of the hit list. |
PLACE |
Attempts to place the active widgets at the suggested location. |
SETHITTABLE |
Sets the contents of the hit list. |
Infix Operators
= |
Tests its inputs for equality. |
>= |
Tests if its left input is greater than or equal to its right input. |
> |
Tests if its left input is greater than its right input. |
<= |
Tests if its left input is less than or equal to its right input. |
< |
Tests if its left input is less than its right input. |
!= |
Tests its inputs for inequality. |
- |
Outputs the difference of two or more numbers. |
[^](/logo6/commands/infix#infix-11) |
Raises a number to the power of another number. |
* |
Calculates the product of its inputs. |
/ |
Reports the quotient of its inputs. |
% |
Outputs the remainder of two numbers. |
+ |
Reports the sum of its inputs. |
Read and write data.
ALERT |
Displays an alert box. |
CLOSE |
Closes a stream. |
CREATE |
Creates a file. |
CURDIR |
Reports the current working directory. |
DELETE |
Deletes a file or a folder. |
DIR |
Lists the contents of current working directory. |
EOF? |
Outputs TRUE if the current stream is at EOF. |
FILE? |
Reports TRUE if a file or directory exists. |
FORM |
Formats a number. |
OPEN |
Opens a file and returns the channel number. |
PATHNAME |
Reports the full path name for a file name. |
PRINT |
Prints text with a line feed. |
PRINTLINE |
Prints a list of numbers as Unicode characters. |
PRINTQUOTE |
Prints its input and a newline. |
PROGRESSBAR |
Displays a progress bar. |
READ |
Reads one Logo word. |
READCHAR |
Read a character from the standard input stream. |
READFILE |
Reads and parses the contents of a file. |
READLINE |
Reads a line and outputs it as a list of numbers. |
READLIST |
Reads a line and outputs it as a list. |
READPROMPT |
Opens a dialog box and reads a line. |
READQUOTE |
Reads a line. |
READWORD |
Reads the next word of a line. |
RENAME |
Renames a file. |
SETCURDIR |
Changes the current working directory. |
SHOW |
Prints text with a line feed. |
SUBDIR |
Lists the contents of current working directory. |
TYPE |
Prints text. |
WRITEFILE |
Stores a Logo word or list into a file. |
Read and write data.
ALERT |
Displays an alert box. |
CLOSE |
Closes a stream. |
CREATE |
Creates a file. |
CREATE.DIR |
Creates a folder. |
CURDIR |
Reports the current working directory. |
DELETE |
Deletes a file or a folder. |
DIRECTORY |
Lists the contents of current working directory. |
EOF? |
Outputs TRUE if the current stream is at EOF. |
FILE? |
Reports TRUE if a file or directory exists. |
FORM |
Formats a number. |
OPEN |
Opens a file and returns the channel number. |
PATHNAME |
Reports the full path name for a file name. |
PRINT |
Prints text with a line feed. |
PRINTLINE |
Prints a list of numbers as Unicode characters. |
PRINTQUOTE |
Prints its input and a newline. |
PROGRESSBAR |
Displays a progress bar. |
READ |
Reads one Logo word. |
READCHAR |
Read a character from the standard input stream. |
READFILE |
Reads and parses the contents of a file. |
READLINE |
Reads a line and outputs it as a list of numbers. |
READLIST |
Reads a line and outputs it as a list. |
READPROMPT |
Opens a dialog box and reads a line. |
READQUOTE |
Reads a line. |
READWORD |
Reads the next word of a line. |
RENAME |
Renames a disk file. |
SELECT.FILE |
Displays a dialog to select a file. |
SELECT.FOLDER |
Displays a dialog to select a folder. |
SETCURDIR |
Changes the current working directory. |
SHOW |
Prints text with a line feed. |
SUBDIR |
Lists the contents of current working directory. |
TYPE |
Prints text. |
WRITEFILE |
Stores a Logo word or list into a file. |
Listener Panel Commands
CLEARTEXT |
Clears the Listener panel. |
HTML |
Creates and outputs a HTML sequence. |
KEY |
Reports the code of the last key that the user typed. |
SETTEXTCOLOR |
Sets the text color for Listener output. |
SETTEXTFONT |
Sets the Listener font. |
TEXTCOLOR |
Reports the text foreground and background colors. |
TEXTFONT |
Reports the font used for output. |
WEBLINK |
Creates and outputs a HTML web link. |
Listener Panel Commands
Commands specific to the Listener.
HTML |
Creates and outputs a HTML sequence. |
KEY |
Reports the code of the last key that the user typed. |
SETTEXTCOLOR |
Sets the text color in the Listener panel. |
SETTEXTFONT |
Sets the font for PRINT, TYPE and other output commands. |
TEXTFONT |
Reports the font used for output. |
WEBLINK |
Creates and outputs a HTML web link. |
Math Commands
Arithmetic computations.
ABS |
Reports the absolute value of a number. |
AND |
Logical AND. |
ARCCOS |
Reports the arccosine. |
ARCCOT |
Reports the arccotangent. |
ARCCSC |
Reports the arccosecant. |
ARCSEC |
Reports the arcsecant. |
ARCSIN |
Reports the arcsine. |
ARCTAN |
Reports the arctangent. |
ARCTAN2 |
Reports the polar angle heading of the motion vector (position change) deltaX deltaY. |
ASHIFT |
Shifts its input with sign extension. |
LOGAND |
Combines its inputs with a bitwise AND operation. |
LOGNOT |
Reports the bitwise logical complement of its input. |
LOGOR |
Combines its inputs with a boolean OR operation. |
LOGXOR |
Combines its inputs with a boolean XOR operation. |
COS |
Reports the cosine. |
COT |
Reports the cotangent. |
CSC |
Reports the cosecant. |
DIFFERENCE |
Outputs the difference of two or more numbers. |
EXP |
Calculates the natural base e raised to a power. |
INT |
Reports the integer part of a number. |
LOG |
Outputs the natural logarithm of its input. |
LOG10 |
Outputs the logarithm of its input. |
LSHIFT |
Shifts its input without sign extension. |
MINUS |
Outputs the negative value of its input. |
MODULO |
Outputs the remainder of two numbers. |
NOT |
Negates its input. |
OR |
Performs a logical OR on its input. |
PI |
Reports the number Pi. |
POWER |
Raises a number to the power of another number. |
PRODUCT |
Calculates the product of its inputs. |
QUOTIENT |
Reports the quotient of its inputs. |
RANDOM |
Outputs a random number. |
REMAINDER |
Outputs the remainder of two numbers. |
RERANDOM |
Seed the random number generator. |
ROUND |
Rounds a number. |
SEC |
Reports the secant. |
SIN |
Reports the sine. |
SQRT |
Reports the square root. |
SUM |
Reports the sum of its inputs. |
TAN |
Reports the tangent. |
Math
Math operators and functions.
ABS |
Reports the absolute value of a number. |
ARCCOS |
Reports the arccosine. |
ARCCOT |
Reports the arccotangent. |
ARCCSC |
Reports the arccosecant. |
ARCSEC |
Reports the arcsecant. |
ARCSIN |
Reports the arcsine. |
ARCTAN |
Reports the arctangent. |
ARCTAN2 |
Reports the polar angle heading of the motion vector (position change) deltaX deltaY. |
COS |
Reports the cosine. |
COT |
Reports the cotangent. |
CSC |
Reports the cosecant. |
EXPN |
Calculates the natural base e raised to a power. |
INT |
Reports the integer part of a number. |
LOG |
Outputs the natural logarithm of its input. |
LOG10 |
Outputs the logarithm of its input. |
LOGAND |
Combines its inputs with a boolean AND operation. |
LOGNOT |
Reports the bitwise logical complement of its input. |
LOGOR |
Combines its inputs with a boolean OR operation. |
LOGXOR |
Combines its inputs with a boolean XOR operation. |
LSH |
Shifts its input with sign extension. |
LSHIFT |
Shifts its input without sign extension. |
MINUS |
Outputs the negative value of its input. |
MODULO |
Outputs the remainder of two numbers. |
NOT |
Negates its input. |
PI |
Reports the number Pi. |
RADARCTAN |
Reports the arc tangent of an angle expressed in radians. |
RADCOS |
Reports the cosine of an angle expressed in radians. |
RADSIN |
Reports the sine of an angle expressed in radians. |
RANDOM |
Outputs a random number. |
RERANDOM |
Seed the random number generator. |
ROUND |
Rounds a number. |
SEC |
Reports the secant. |
SIN |
Reports the sine. |
SQRT |
Reports the square root. |
TAN |
Reports the tangent. |
POWER |
Raises a number to the power of another number. |
DIFFERENCE |
Outputs the difference of two or more numbers. |
SUM |
Reports the sum of its inputs. |
PRODUCT |
Calculates the product of its inputs. |
QUOTIENT |
Reports the quotient of its inputs. |
REMAINDER |
Outputs the remainder of two numbers. |
.EQ |
Tests its inputs for equality. |
.NE |
Tests its inputs for inequality. |
.LT |
Tests if its first input is less than its second input. |
GREATER? |
Tests if its first input is greater than its second input. |
.GE |
Tests if its first input is greater than or equal to its second input. |
.LE |
Tests if its first input is less than or equal to its second input. |
AND |
Logical AND. |
OR |
Performs a logical OR on its input. |
MIDI.RECORD |
Records and saves music commands that PLAY plays. |
PLAY |
Plays sound files or notes. |
PLAY.NOTES |
Plays simple songs on a robot’s speaker. |
PLAY.SOUND |
Play a predefined sound on a robot’s speaker. |
SAY |
Makes Logo speak its input. |
SELECT.VOICE |
Opens a dialog where you can select a voice for the SAY command. |
Menu Commands
Manipulate the Terrapin Logo menu.
Mouse Commands
BUTTON? |
Reports the state of the left mouse button. |
MOUSE |
Reports the position of the mouse cursor. |
MOUSESHAPE |
Reports the shape of the mouse cursor. |
SETMOUSESHAPE |
Sets the shape of the mouse cursor. |
Play notes, MIDI and other audio fiules.
MIDI.RECORD |
Records and saves music commands that PLAY plays. |
PLAY |
Plays sound files or notes. |
PLAY.NOTES |
Plays simple songs on a robot’s speaker. |
PLAY.SOUND |
Play a predefined sound on a robot’s speaker. |
SAY |
Makes Logo speak its input. |
SELECT.VOICE |
Opens a dialog where you can select a voice for the SAY command. |
Objects
Create and manipulate objects.
.WHO |
Reports a list of widgets listening to commands. |
ALLTURTLES |
A list of all turtles. |
ASK |
Makes widgets execute a list of commands. |
CHECKTYPE |
Checks an value for a type. |
DECLARE |
Creates a widget. |
EACH |
Applies a runlist to every widget in the TELL list. |
EVERY |
Outputs a list of widgets. |
IS.A |
Checks an widget for being of a specific type. |
NEW |
Creates a new Logo widget. |
TELL |
Defines a list of turtles (or other widgets) listening to commands. |
TELLALL |
Tells a range of turtle numbers. |
TELLEVEN |
Tells all turtles with even numbers. |
TELLODD |
Tells all turtles with odd numbers. |
TYPEOF |
Reports the type of a name. |
WHO |
Reports a list of turtles (or other widgets) listening to commands. |
Objects
Create and manipulate widgets and other objects.
.WHO |
Reports a list of objects listening to commands. |
ASK |
Makes objects execute a list of commands. |
CHECKTYPE |
Checks an value for a type. |
DECLARE |
Creates an object. |
EACH |
Applies a runlist to every object in the TELL list. |
EVERY |
Outputs a list of objects. |
IS.A |
Checks an object for being of a specific type. |
NEW |
Creates a new Logo object. |
TELL |
Defines a list of objects listening to commands. |
TELLALL |
Tells a range of turtle numbers. |
TELLEVEN |
Tells all turtles with even numbers. |
TELLODD |
Tells all turtles with odd numbers. |
TYPEOF |
Reports the type of a name. |
WHO |
Reports a list of objects listening to commands. |
Queries
COUNT |
Counts the number of items in its input. |
DEFINED? |
Checks whether a procedure is defined. |
EMPTY? |
Checks whether a name is empty. |
LIST? |
Checks for its input being a list. |
MACRO? |
Checks its input for being a macro. |
MEMBER? |
Checks if an object is part of another object. |
NAME? |
Checks whether its input is assigned a value. |
NUMBER? |
Checks its input for being a number. |
PLIST? |
Checks its input for containing a property list. |
PRIMITIVE? |
Checks its input for being a built-in procedure or macro. |
PROCEDURE? |
Checks its input for being a user-defined procedure. |
WORD? |
Checks its input for being a word. |
EQUAL? |
Tests its inputs for equality. |
GREATEREQUAL? |
Tests if its first input is greater than or equal to its second input. |
GREATER? |
Tests if its first input is greater than its second input. |
LESSEQUAL? |
Tests if its first input is less than or equal to its second input. |
LESS? |
Tests if its first input is less than its second input. |
NOTEQUAL? |
Tests its inputs for inequality. |
Property lists
Add, retrieve, or remove properties.
CPROP |
Calls a property as a procedure. |
GLIST |
Reports the property lists that contain a property with a given name. |
GPROP |
Retrieves a property. |
PLIST |
Reports the property list of a name. |
PPROP |
Stores a property. |
PPROPS |
Sets a list of properties. |
REMPROP |
Removes a property. |
Property lists
Add, retrieve, call, or remove properties.
CPROP |
Calls a property as a procedure. |
GLIST |
Reports the property lists that contain a property with a given name. |
GPROP |
Retrieves a property. |
PLIST |
Reports the property list of a name. |
PPROP |
Stores a property. |
PPROPS |
Stores a list of properties. |
REMPROP |
Removes a property. |
Putting things together
put together Logo words or lists, or access elements of Logo words or lists.
FPUT |
Prepends an element to its input. |
ISEQ |
Outputs a list of sequential integers. |
LIST |
Concatenates its inputs to a list. |
LPUT |
Appends an element to its input. |
PARSE |
Parses a string and outputs a list. |
RSEQ |
Outputs a list of equally spaced rational numbers. |
SENTENCE |
Concatenates its inputs to a list, flattening lists. |
SUBST |
Substitutes text in a word or a list. |
WORD |
Concatenates its inputs to a word. |
XLIST |
Concatenates its inputs to a parenthesized list. |
Queries
Test data or data contents.
COUNT |
Counts the number of items in its input. |
DEFINED? |
Checks whether a procedure is defined. |
EMPTY? |
Checks whether a name is empty. |
LIST? |
Checks for its input being a list. |
MACRO? |
Checks its input for being a macro. |
MEMBER? |
Checks if an object is part of another object. |
NAME? |
Checks whether its input is assigned a value. |
NUMBER? |
Checks its input for being a number. |
PLIST? |
Checks its input for containing a property list. |
PRIMITIVE? |
Checks its input for being a built-in procedure or macro. |
PROCEDURE? |
Checks its input for being a user-defined procedure. |
WORD? |
Checks its input for being a word. |
Robot Commands
Robot Commands
Talk to floor robots via Bluetooth.
Turtle Shapes
Load, change, and lock turtle images.
EDSHAPE |
Launches the shape editor. |
LOADSHAPE |
Loads a turtle shape from a data space and sets the shape of all active turtles. |
LOADSNAP |
Loads a bitmap. |
LOCKSHAPE |
Prevents a bitmap from turning. |
SAVESHAPE |
Saves the shape of the first active turtle. |
SAVESNAP |
Saves a turtle shape. |
SETSHAPE |
Sets the shape of all active turtles. |
SHAPE |
Outputs the name of the first active turtle’s shape. |
SNAP |
Moves parts of the Graphics panel into a bitmap. |
SNAPSIZE |
Outputs the size of a bitmap. |
STAMP |
Draws a bitmap or turtle. |
UNLOCKSHAPE |
Lets a bitmap rotate according to the turtle’s heading. |
Bitmaps and Turtles
ARC |
Draws an arc. |
BACK |
Moves a turtle backwards. |
CTURTLES |
Arranges turtles in a circle. |
DISTANCE |
Reports the distance between the turtle and a location. |
DOT |
Draws a dot. |
DOT? |
Tests whether a pixel is present at the given location. |
DOTCOLOR |
Reports the color of a pixel. |
EDSHAPE |
Launches the shape editor. |
FILL |
Fills an area. |
FONT |
Reports the current font of the first active turtle. |
FONTS |
Reports a list of all loaded and available fonts. |
FORWARD |
Moves a turtle forward. |
HEADING |
Reports the heading of the first active turtle. |
HIDETURTLE |
Hides all active turtles. |
HOME |
Moves the turtle back to [0 0]. |
LEFT |
Turns a turtle left. |
LOADSHAPE |
Loads a turtle shape from a file and sets the shape of all active turtles. |
LOADSNAP |
Loads a bitmap. |
LTURTLES |
Arranges turtles in a row. |
OPACITY |
Reports the opacity of the first active turtle. |
ORIGIN |
Reports the origin of a turtle’s coordinate system. |
PANGLE |
Reports the turtle’s angle as a polar angle. |
PDIST |
Reports the distance from the turtle to its home. |
PEN |
Reports the pen mode. |
PENDOWN |
Puts the pen down. |
PENDOWN? |
Checks whether the pen is down. |
PENERASE |
The pen draws with the background color. |
PENREVERSE |
The pen inverts all colors. |
PENUP |
The pen moves up. |
PHEADING |
Reports the turtle’s polar heading. |
POS |
Reports the coordinates of a turtle. |
PPOS |
Reports the turtle’s polar position. |
PSETHEADING |
Sets the polar heading of a turtle. |
RIGHT |
Turns a turtle right. |
SAVESHAPE |
Saves the shape of the first active turtle. |
SAVESNAP |
Saves a turtle shape. |
SETFONT |
Sets the turtle drawing font. |
SETHEADING |
Sets the heading of a turtle. |
SETOPACITY |
Sets the opacity of all active turtles. |
SETORIGIN |
Sets the coordinate system origin of the active turtles. |
SETP |
Sets the turtle’s polar position. |
SETPEN |
Sets the pen characteristics. |
SETSHADOW |
Sets the drop shadow for all active turtles. |
SETSHAPE |
Sets the shape of all active turtles. |
SETSPEED |
Sets the speed at which turtle commands are executed. |
SETSTEPSIZE |
Sets the step size of all active turtles and bitmaps. |
SETTURTLENAME |
Sets the name of a turtle. |
SETVELOCITY |
Controls the speed of an independently moving widget. |
SETWIDTH |
Sets the pen width. |
SETX |
Sets the X coordinate of a turtle. |
SETXY |
Sets the coordinates of a turtle. |
SETY |
Sets the Y coordinate of a turtle. |
SHADOW |
Reports the drop shadow for the first active turtle. |
SHAPE |
Outputs the name of the first active turtle’s shape. |
SHOWN? |
Reports whether a turtle is visible. |
SHOWTURTLE |
Makes a turtle visible. |
SLOWTURTLE |
Slows down the turtle to half speed. |
SPEED |
Reports the speed at which turtle commands are executed. |
STAMPOVAL |
Draws an oval. |
STAMPRECT |
Draws a rectangle. |
STAMPRECTC |
Draws a rectangle centered around the turtle position. |
STEPSIZE |
Outputs the step size of the first active turtle or bitmap. |
TOWARDS |
Reports the angle of a position compared to the turtle position. |
TURTLENAME |
Gets the name of the first active turtle. |
TURTLENAMES |
Outputs a list of all turtle names. |
TURTLES |
Reports the number of turtles. |
TURTLESIZE |
Reports the scaling factor of a turtle. |
TURTLETEXT |
Prints its input on the Graphics panel. |
TURTLETEXTSIZE |
Outputs the dimensions of a text drawn with the first listening turtle. |
VELOCITY |
Reports the speed of an independently moving widget. |
WIDTH |
Reports the pen width. |
GETX |
Reports the X coordinate of a turtle. |
GETY |
Reports the Y coordinate of a turtle. |
SETTURTLES |
Creates a range of turtles. |
LOCKSHAPE |
Prevents a bitmap from turning. |
SETTURTLESIZE |
Sets the scaling factor of a bitmap. |
UNLOCKSHAPE |
Lets a bitmap rotate according to the turtle’s heading. |
Creating Turtles
Create and assign turtles.
Built-in variables
Global built-in variables reflect the state of Logo.
:CASE |
Controls the conversion of quoted symbols to upper case. |
:CURRENT.GRAPHICS |
Contains the current graphics window name. |
:DEFAULT.LAYOUT |
Reports the default Logo panel layout |
:EPSILON |
Contains the minimum value that two numbers may differ to still be considered to be equal. |
:ERROR |
Contains the type of the last runtime error. |
:ERRORTEXT |
Reports the text of the last caught runtime error or THROWn word. |
:FENCE |
Defines the way turtles bounce off the edges of the Graphics screen. |
:INITIAL.LAYOUT |
Reports or sets the initial Logo panel layout |
:LANGUAGE |
Reports Logo’s UI language. |
:LAYOUT |
Gets or sets the panel layout. |
:LOGOENGINE |
Contains the ID of the currently running Logo engine. |
:LOGO.ENV |
Contains a property list of global program and system settings. |
:MIDI.OUTPUT |
Contains the name of the music synthesizer that Logo uses to play music. |
:MIDI.OUTPUTS |
Returns a list of synthesizer names that Logo supports for playing music. |
:PICTURE.FORMAT |
Contains the default file extension for graphics files. |
:PRECISION |
Sets the precision in which numbers are printed. |
:PREFS |
System-wide properties. |
:PROMPT |
Gets or sets the prompt for the Listene. |
:STANDARD.INPUT |
The number of the input stream. |
:STANDARD.OUTPUT |
The number of the output stream. |
:TAB |
Sets the tab stop position. |
:TRACE |
Controls the output of debugging information. |
:USERNAME |
Reports the user name for local storage. |
The Workspace
.DEFMACRO |
Defines a macro. |
.MACRO |
Defines a macro. |
ALIAS |
Defines alias names. |
BURIED |
Outputs a structured contents list of all buried elements. |
BURIED? |
Outputs TRUE if the element described by its input is buried. |
BURIEDNAMES |
Outputs a list of all buried names. |
BURIEDPROCS |
Outputs a list of all buried procedures. |
BURIEDPROPS |
Outputs a list of all buried property lists. |
BURY |
Makes names and procedures invisible. |
BURYALL |
Makes all names and procedures invisible. |
BURYNAME |
Makes one or more names invisible. |
BURYNAMES |
Makes all names invisible. |
BURYPROC |
Makes one or more procedures invisible. |
BURYPROCS |
Makes all procedures invisible. |
BURYPROP |
Makes one or more property lists invisible. |
BURYPROPS |
Makes all property lists invisible. |
CONTENTS |
Outputs a complete structured contents list. |
COPYDEF |
Copies a procedure definition. |
DEFINE |
Defines a procedure. |
EDALL |
Edits the entire Logo workspace. |
EDIT |
Edits parts or all of the Logo workspace. |
EDN |
Edits one or more Logo names. |
EDNS |
Edits all Logo names. |
EDPL |
Edits one or more Logo property lists. |
EDPLIST |
Edits the properties of a property list, a widget, or a panel. |
EDPLS |
Edits all Logo properties. |
EDPS |
Edits all user-defined, unburied procedures. |
ERALL |
Erases the entire Logo workspace. |
ERASE |
Erases Logo elements. |
ERN |
Erase one or more Logo names. |
ERNS |
Erases all Logo names. |
ERPL |
Erases one or more Logo property lists. |
ERPLS |
Erases all Logo properties. |
ERPS |
Erases all procedures. |
HELP |
Displays help for a command. |
LOAD |
Loads a file into Logo. |
NAMELIST |
Outputs a structured contents list with names. |
NAMES |
Outputs a structured contents list with all names. |
PHELP |
Displays help for a property. |
PLISTS |
Outputs a structured contents list with all properties. |
PLLIST |
Outputs a structured contents list with properties. |
POALL |
Prints the entire Logo workspace. |
PON |
Prints a Logo name. |
PONS |
Prints all Logo names. |
POPL |
Prints one or more Logo property lists. |
POPLS |
Prints all Logo properties. |
POPS |
Prints all Logo procedures. |
POT |
Prints the title line of one or more user-defined procedures. |
POTS |
Prints the title line of all user-defined procedures. |
PRIMITIVES |
Outputs a structured contents list with all primitives. |
PRINTOUT |
Prints procedures, names, or properties. |
PROCEDURES |
Outputs a list with all user procedures. |
PROCLIST |
Outputs a structured contents list with procedures. |
QUIT |
Ends Logo. |
RESTART |
Erases everything and restarts Logo. |
SAVE |
Saves the workspace. |
BS |
Arranges the Blocks, Graphics, Listener, and Editor panels. |
BSV |
Arranges the Blocks, Graphics, Lister and the Editor panels. |
FS |
Switches to the Full Screen perspective |
ES |
Makes the Graphics, Listener, and Editor panels visible. |
ESV |
Makes the Graphics panel, the Lister panel and the Editor panel visible. |
SS |
Displays the Graphics panel above the Listener panel. |
SSV |
Displays the Graphics panel to the left of the Listener panel. |
TS |
Minimizes the Graphics panel and maximizes the Listener panel. |
TO |
Defines a procedure. |
UNBURY |
Makes names and procedures visible. |
UNBURYALL |
Makes all names and procedures visible. |
UNBURYNAME |
Makes one or more names visible. |
UNBURYNAMES |
Makes all names visible. |
UNBURYPROC |
Makes one or more procedures visible. |
UNBURYPROCS |
Makes all procedures visible. |
UNBURYPROP |
Makes one or more property lists visible. |
UNBURYPROPS |
Makes all property lists visible. |
The Workspace
All commands related to the workspace.
ALIAS |
Defines alias names. |
BYE |
Ends Logo. |
CHAR |
Converts a number into a Unicode character. |
CLEARTEXT |
Clears the Listener panel. |
DATE |
Reports the date. |
FULLSCREEN |
Switches to the Full Screen perspective |
HELP |
Displays help for a command. |
LMAKE |
Create and set a local name. |
LOAD |
Loads a file into Logo. |
MAKE |
Assigns a value to a name. |
MILLISECONDS |
Outputs the number of milliseconds spent. |
NAME |
Assigns a value to a name. |
PHELP |
Displays help for a property. |
QUOTE |
Quotes its input. |
RESTART |
Erases everything and restarts Logo. |
SAVE |
Saves the workspace to disk. |
SPLITSCREEN |
Makes both the Listener panel and the Graphics canvas visible. |
TEXTSCREEN |
Minimizes the Graphics canvas and maximizes the Listener panel. |
THING |
Reports the value of a name. |
TIME |
Outputs the time. |
UNICODE |
Converts a character into its Unicode value. |
VERINFO |
Outputs Logo version information as a list. |
VERSION |
Outputs the Logo version. |
WHEN |
Monitors a change to a Logo property or to a Logo event. |
WHENEVER |
Monitors changes to a Logo property or to a Logo event. |